Several other people have proposed theories that are very close, or almost identical, to my hypothesis. I came to my conclusions independently and was not aware (or forgot) about the proposal by Hoyle (in particular). It is slightly reassuring that my hypothesis has been considered by others, but I think that the actual proof is yet to come.
According to the first law of thermodynamics energy of the universe cannot be created and not destroyed, it can only be transformed. The sum of energy in the universe is constant.
ΣEu = K
Expanding of the universe is the result of high density of quantum space in outer space. High dense space is expanding similar as a high dense gas. With a continuous creation of elementary particles in outer space amount of mass in the universe is increasing and cosmic space is getting less dense. This process is more intensive as a transformation of mass in quanta of space in centre of black holes. Process of continuous creation of particles in outer space increases presence of mass in the universe, ends expansion and starts contraction. Universe shrinks in a huge back hole where mass will be transformed into quanta of space. Density of quantum space will extremely increase; this will lead to the new “big bang”. Expansions and contractions of the universe are cyclic.
Amrit S. Sorli
Dr. Sorli has written extensively about the dynamic equilibrium of the universe, and as far as I can tell, his ideas are very similar to my own, although I envision a continuously expanding infinite universe (which might seem like a paradox). The concept of creation of mass in outer space mirrors my own in virtually every detail however.
Sorli’s venture into consciousness as a “basic frequency of quanta of space that build up cosmic space” is beyond what I have attempted to show. I am unconvinced regarding this aspect of quantum dynamics.
A picture of the universe emerges in which matter is being continuously redistributed, building up complex structures while simultaneously complex structures are breaking down, giving a generally uniform, though not homogeneous, appearance from one time to another and from one position to another.
R. A. Waldron
Dr. Waldron wrote this in 1990. He believed the universe was infinite, but not expanding, and he attributed the red shift to factors other than velocity.
During the dance of the quantum oscillators of aether-space, some will interact and form distinct patterns. Those that are reasonably stable become the primitive forms of various species of mass and energy particles. The formation of primitives represents a first-stage matter-formation process —providing the universe with its ‘seed’ matter.
The rate of seed formation is a fixed rate per unit volume of aether-space. (Thus if space expands exponentially, so does the quantity of seed. However, its distribution density does not significantly change.)
A second stage particle formation process involves the subsequent growth —an exponential growth — of seed matter. It involves the production and combining of the basic components that make up sub-atomic and atomic particles. This independent compound growth, over time, overpowers the growth of space and its further expansion.
All particle formation is achieved by incorporating the energy of the fundamental fluctuations.
Conrad Ranzan
Dr. Ranzan offers a theory called the Dynamic Steady State Universe. Many of his postulates and assumptions differ from my own, but his description of space and matter being in equilibrium is another way that mass might form from interstellar vacuum energy. The creation of mass is described in the passage above.
Instead, Hoyle, along with Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi (with whom he had worked on radar in World War II), argued for the universe as being in a "steady state". The theory tried to explain how the universe could be eternal and essentially unchanging while still having the galaxies we observe moving away from each other. The theory hinged on the creation of matter between galaxies over time, so that even though galaxies get further apart, new ones that develop between them fill the space they leave. The resulting universe is in a "steady state" in the same manner that a flowing river is - the individual water molecules are moving away but the overall river remains the same.
In Hoyle’s time, quantum vacuum fluctuations were unknown, and the acceleration of the expansion of the universe was not appreciated. His model, The QSSC (Quasi Steady State Cosmology) “proposes the continuous creation of matter in space rather than a single event and proposes to account for observations that seem to strain the limits of the Big Bang model.” (http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_astrosciences02.htm) In most respects (perhaps all), it is the same theory I am presenting. And I thought it was original.
